The ninth in this series of Annals volumes brings together clinical and basic science researchers from several disciplines in a common forum to address various approaches to neuroprotection. Topics covered include the following: optical sensing and neuroprotection; mechanisms of CNS disorders; spinal cord injury; neuromodulation; anesthesia and the immature brain; the blood–brain barrier; cerebrospinal fluid; stress in aging and trauma; heat stress; neurotoxicity; neuroprotective agents; and neuroimaging and neuromonitoring.