This is the second of two Annals volume (see also Volume 1261) of papers by speakers at the 8th International Society for Neuroimmodulation Congress held in Dresden, Germany, October 2011. The papers focus on interactions among the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems that occur at multiple levels, from intracellular pathways by immune and neuroendocrine mediators, to the exchange of information between the three systems that results in physiologic and adaptive effects. In certain instances, however, these interactions may be unbalanced or even disrupted, which can contribute to pathology, and aspects of such pathobiology are presented in some of the contributions. This volume aims focuses on translational science aspects of immune–neuron–endocrine interactions.

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