Mitochondria are vital multifunctional organelles that are involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions, including cellular energy production, metabolic homeostasis, cellulardifferentiation, and apoptosis. Recent findings show that mitochondrial dysfunction plays important roles in the pathogenesis of diseases such as neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. This Annals volume presents a collection of papers stemming from the 11th conference of the Asian Society for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, held November 14–15, 2014, at Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, which provided a platform for international scientists to share the latest findings in mitochondrial research in translational medicine. The papers in this volume cover a range of topics, including mitochondrial biology; mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA mutation; oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disease; mitochondrial dynamics and quality control; mitochondria in reproductive medicine; and the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in disease mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cancer.