Support The World's Smartest Network
×

Help the New York Academy of Sciences bring late-breaking scientific information about the COVID-19 pandemic to global audiences. Please make a tax-deductible gift today.

DONATE
This site uses cookies.
Learn more.

×

This website uses cookies. Some of the cookies we use are essential for parts of the website to operate while others offer you a better browsing experience. You give us your permission to use cookies, by continuing to use our website after you have received the cookie notification. To find out more about cookies on this website and how to change your cookie settings, see our Privacy policy and Terms of Use.

We encourage you to learn more about cookies on our site in our Privacy policy and Terms of Use.

eBriefing

Advances in Human Microbiome Science: Intestinal Diseases

Advances in Human Microbiome Science: Intestinal Diseases
Reported by
Hannah Rice

Posted December 22, 2015

Overview

On October 15, 2015, the Academy's Microbiome Science Discussion Group convened researchers for Advances in Human Microbiome Science, the first of three symposia on the causal relationships between microbiota and disease—this one focused on intestinal diseases. Human colon microbiota form one of the densest bacterial ecosystems, with 100 trillion microorganisms, or tenfold more cells than the body itself. These commensal microbiota have beneficial health effects such as aiding digestion, resisting pathogen invasion, and producing useful metabolites, but dysbiotic bacterial ecosystems or dysregulated host immunity can stimulate inflammatory responses that lead to disease.

The Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America reported in 2014 that 1.6 million people in the U.S. had inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a condition that increases the risk of intestinal bleeding, weight loss, life-threatening infection, and colorectal cancer. There is evidence that the gut microbiota are implicated in other chronic diseases, including arthritis, diabetes, obesity, allergies, cancers, and HIV. Researchers hope that microbiome research will yield insights into disease susceptibility and treatment strategies. The meeting featured a keynote and two plenary sessions, as well as data-blitz and late-breaking data presentations by young investigators.

Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich of the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) and King's College London gave a keynote address describing how better understanding and management of the microbiome could reduce the burden of chronic diseases, yielding diagnostics and disease-monitoring tools and opportunities for disease prevention. Metagenomics projects such as MetaHIT have revealed tremendous genetic diversity among human microbiomes as well as many common genes that could provide a focus for clinical study. Scientists are working to understand how the microbiome influences health and disease and to uncover the roles played by specific microbes.

Metagenomics maps the genes in the microbiome, the other human genome. (Image courtesy of Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich)

Ehrlich and colleagues showed that liver cirrhosis can be diagnosed on the basis of finding 7 bacterial species, identified by gene clusters, in a stool sample. Metagenomic analysis also predicted disease progression: individuals at later stages had worse symptoms as well as a greater number of invasive species, which displace normal gut flora. Microbiome composition is probably the result of a combination of genes and environment. One in four people has a low-diversity microbiome, associated with weight gain, diabesity, and poorer health. Yet microbiota are responsive to intervention: microbial diversity increases when people stop smoking or eat a healthier diet. Ehrlich's team is looking for ways to target the microbiome to prevent disease. The researchers have found early success with a drug called DAV132, designed to protect the microbiota from the depleting effects of antibiotics.

An often-posed question is whether the microbiome is a cause or a consequence of chronic disease; Ehrlich suggested it may be neither, but instead a contributor that responds to or exacerbates other disease triggers. "We should strive to improve health by modulating an unhealthy or toxic microbiome," he said. "We need more prevention because today's medicine is curative."

There are probably a variety of dysbiotic gut ecosystems that can precede diseased or inflammatory states. (Image courtesy of Jonathan Braun)

In the first plenary session, Jonathan Braun of the University of California, Los Angeles, described another way to measure the microbiome—metabolite profiling. In IBD, which includes Crohn's disease and colitis, some affected individuals have a disease-associated metabolic signature while others have close-to-healthy metabolites. In otherwise healthy people, altered metabolites might indicate preclinical disease or could reflect a pre-disease ecosystem that confers heightened risk. To illustrate the importance of gene expression and function in microbiome analysis, Braun pointed to a study in mice showing that yoghurt ingestion—which introduced small quantities of new microbes and genes—had far-reaching metabolic effects throughout the gut microbiota.

Studies suggest gut ecosystems are not confined to be either healthy or dysbiotic; a variety compositions can progress to disease, and conversely, successful intervention can produce a "post-disease dysbiotic ecosystem" unlike the normal state. In a study of children with Crohn's disease and their families, Braun's team found disease-associated, healthy, and at-risk metabotypes (metabolite phenotypes). The researchers plan to monitor the last group for metabolic changes and progression to disease. The interaction of gut microbiota, genes, and metabolites may be important in disease susceptibility. Specifically, one proposal is that "the habitat is changed genetically, organisms change as a result, so [the] ecosystem changes and their [metabolic] products put you closer to the threshold of trouble," Braun explained. Metabolic profiling could indicate interventions for IBD and other conditions, such as replacing missing metabolites or blocking disease-associated products with drugs.

Mucosal inflammation is a genetic and microbial process that includes changes in the epithelial barrier, in bacterial control, in immune regulation, and in cellular responses. (Image presented by Jonathan Braun courtesy of Khor et al. Nature. 2011.)

Natural product drug discovery has traditionally used samples from soil and marine ecosystems, but the gut microbiota are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Michael Fischbach of the University of California, San Francisco, discussed his group's work to understand metabolic pathways in bacterial ecosystems and to find novel products. One method of drug discovery is to culture bacteria and screen metabolites for therapeutic activity. But this approach misses the compounds microbes synthesize to communicate with one another in their natural environments. Taking the reverse approach, Fischbach's lab computationally screens whole genomes to find biosynthetic gene clusters—groups of genes likely, on the basis of their similarity to known protein-coding genes, to code for proteins. The goal is to "intuit what [microbes] are capable of producing even [without knowing] under what conditions those molecules are made," he said. The researchers have designed methods to predict the chemical structures of metabolites from just the gene sequences.

Using data from the human microbiome project, the lab identified 600 biosynthetic gene clusters in the human gut microbiome, all encoding unknown proteins. Analysis of a family of gene clusters found in 90% of gut samples, some from bacteria that have never been isolated, yielded 33 new molecules. Fischbach emphasized the need to characterize these products to understand the effects of gut microbes on human health. Potent metabolites such as the thiopeptide antibiotics the researchers found genes for are often present in the gut at concentrations similar to those used for pharmaceutical drugs, and have substantial effects on host immunology and metabolism. "This is not subtle. This is a very concrete contribution ... to host biology," he said.

Although the immune system continually responds to invading pathogens, the commensal microbiota are relatively stable. Andy Goodman of Yale University School of Medicine studies this microbial resilience to the body's antimicrobial defenses. One such defense is the secretion of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which disrupt the bacterial cell membrane to cause cell death. Goodman's group found Bacteroides microbes, common in the human gut, to be highly resistant to AMPs, and identified a protective gene in the microbes called lpxF. The mechanism of the microbes' resistance to AMPs highlights the interplay among pathogens, gut microbiota, and the immune response. Experiments in mice showed that without the protective lpxF gene, Bacteroides in the gut are lost after mice are exposed to a pathogen that stimulates gut inflammation. But expose the mice to the pathogen altered so as not to produce inflammation, or expose lpxF-mutant cells to a pathogen directly in vitro, and there is no effect. The mutant microbes are thus sensitive to the host response to the perturbation, and wildtype microbes are immune to that response. In a complex microbial ecosystem such as the gut, the resilience of commensal species means that microbiome composition can return to normal after disruption. "Although we know a lot about how the host tolerates the microbiota, there are going to be more mechanisms like this of the microbiota tolerating the host that will be just as important for understanding the outcome of pathogen-induced inflammation and other types of inflammation," Goodman said.

The first session ended with a discussion of the role of microbiota as we age and whether it is possible to extend healthy life by manipulating the microbiome. Paul W. O'Toole of the University College Cork studies dietary and fecal-microbiome diversity in seniors living in the community and in long-term residential care. His team found that dietary diversity and microbiota diversity are correlated. Residents in long-term care had poorer dietary diversity, lower gene-count metagenomes, and depleted general metabolism, as well as higher incidence of geriatric depression, frailty, inflammation, and sarcopenia. The team linked the differences in depression, frailty, and inflammation with microbiota composition. The gut microbiome of seniors who moved from the community to long-term care resembled that of others in long-term care after 6 months to a year; to determine whether changes in microbiota could be the result of illness, not diet, the team also assessed healthy community-living seniors with poor diets, who were found to have microbiomes similar to those of long-term care seniors, as well as similar frailty and cognitive test scores and similar IL-6 markers of immunity. These studies support the association between diet, microbiota, and health.

In the second plenary session, Rodolphe Clerval explained how Enterome uses metagenomics to find bacterial species and metabolic products associated with disease. The company has designed methods to quickly profile the microbiome of fecal and mucosal samples, using metagenomics tools developed by Ehrlich and others to build DNA libraries, and then cloning DNA segments into Escherichia coli and testing the bacteria for disease-associated biological activity, such as stimulation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. The researchers then sequence the genomes of clones of interest to identify the specific genes and compounds involved in the activity. The method is particularly useful for studying species that constitute a small proportion of the microbiota or cannot be cultured. Clerval noted the need to link genomic work like this, aimed at finding new drugs and targets, with diagnostic and biomarker studies in patients; for example, profiling the microbiomes of Crohn's disease patients at various stages of disease not only for biomarkers of disease but also for compounds that could be targeted or used therapeutically.

One of the protective effects of commensal microbiota is to activate and educate immune responses. R. Balfour Sartor and his team at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine showed that microbes induce immune cells in the colon to secrete interleukin 10 (IL-10)—a cytokine previously shown to prevent colitis—by demonstrating that IL-10 levels increase after bacteria colonize the gut in germ-free mice. Microbiota-induced secretion of IL-10 helps maintain homeostasis in the gut by mediating B-cell regulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ. After an immune response to an invading pathogen creates a spike in gut inflammation, the proinflammatory mechanisms are suppressed by IL-10, stimulated by commensal microbiota. Particular bacterial species involved in IL-10 secretion and regulatory activity of T cells can reverse inflammation, and thus could be part of a treatment strategy to increase protective immune responses in IBD.

Sarkis Mazmanian of the California Institute of Technology also discussed bacterial modulation of immune mechanisms via IL-10. Bacteroides fragilis are commonly found among human gut commensal bacteria and usually prevalent when present. Mazmanian and colleagues showed that these microbes secrete and deliver polysaccharide A (PSA) to dendritic cells via membrane vesicles. PSA, an anti-inflammatory molecule, then activates dendritic cells to signal naïve T cells to become Treg cells that produce IL-10. Other researchers have found that these PSA-mediated mechanisms may be involved in colon cancer and multiple sclerosis.

There may be no pathogen involved in IBD; instead, disease could be the result of a loss of immune tolerance to commensal microbes. Dysbiosis, an overgrowth of certain bacteria, a change in gene transcription, or a change bacterial location may trigger disease. (Image presented by Sarkis Mazmanian courtesy of Peterson et al. Cell Host Microbe. 2008.)

Mazmanian's group set out to discover how gene mutations known to increase colitis risk might be involved in PSA signaling. Some mutations associated with colitis are involved in autophagy pathways, and the researchers found that PSA activates these pathways in dendritic cells. When the genes are knocked out or mutated in animal models, PSA does not protect mice from colitis; and human dendritic cells with the same mutations do not respond to PSA signaling.

The stimulation of autophagy pathways could protect against colitis by clearing buildups of dysbiotic bacteria in the gut and preventing endoplasmic reticulum stress (linked to IBD), in addition to reducing inflammation via Treg activation. "The [autophagy] machinery has been coopted by bacteria ... to allow its signals to be transmitted to the host," Mazmanian said. Thus IBD patients with defects in autophagy may be unable to receive signals from symbiotic gut microbiota.

Some IBD treatments aim to heal inflamed mucosa in the intestine, repairing structural damage to the epithelial wall. Randy Longman of Weill Cornell Medical College described his lab's investigation of the microbial mechanisms involved in mucosal healing in IBD. Longman's team found that in Crohn's disease and colitis, innate lymphoid cells called ILC3s in the mucosa secrete a cytokine, IL-22, that stimulates epithelial cells to produce AMPs, promoting mucosal healing. Studies suggest that microbiota promote IL-22 production, and Longman's group found evidence that a signal is relayed from microbes to ILC3s via a type of mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) that produces ILC3-stimulating cytokines. The MNPs, called CX3CR1+ cells, can extend processes through the epithelial wall to sample gut microbiota; when there is dysbiosis, these cells carry gut bacteria to lymph nodes, triggering immunity to commensal microbes.

Longman closed with a discussion of the effects of gut microbiota in systemic immunity, particularly in IBD-associated inflammation of the eye, skin, liver, and joints. His lab found that in IBD-associated spondyloarthritis, which has no diagnostic biomarkers but is treated with medication that has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, E. coli bacteria are more prevalent in gut microbiota and Th17 mucosal immunity is increased, suggesting a role for gut microbes in inflammatory joint pain in IBD. The researchers are continuing to study how gut microbiota are involved in inflammation occurring outside the intestine.

Use the tabs above to find multimedia from this event.

Presentations available from:
Jonathan Braun, MD, PhD (University of California, Los Angeles)
Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich, PhD (French National Institute for Agricultural Research; King's College London, UK)
Sarkis Mazmanian, PhD (California Institute of Technology)
Paul W. O'Toole, PhD (University College Cork, Ireland)
Noah W. Palm, PhD (Yale University School of Medicine)

This eBriefing is part of a series on the causal relationships between microbiota and disease, also including:

Advances in Human Microbiome Science: Gut–Brain Interaction


Platinum Sponsor


The Microbiome Science Discussion Group is proudly supported by

  • Pfizer

How to cite this eBriefing

The New York Academy of Sciences. Advances in Human Microbiome Science: Intestinal Diseases. Academy eBriefings. 2015. Available at: www.nyas.org/Microbiome2015-eB

Gut Microbiome Richness in Health and Disease


Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich (French National Institute for Agricultural Research; King's College London)

Illuminating the Disease Role of the Microbiome through Metabolomics


Jonathan Braun (University of California, Los Angeles)

Diet–Microbiome–Health Interactions in Older People


Paul W. O'Toole (University College Cork, Ireland)

Exploiting the Immune Response to Illuminate Host–Microbiota Interactions


Noah W. Palm (Yale University School of Medicine)

Gene–Microbiome Interactions Regulate Mucosal Immunity


Sarkis Mazmanian (California Institute of Technology)

Journal Articles

Cimermancic P, Medema MH, Claesen J, et al. Insights into secondary metabolism from a global analysis of prokaryotic biosynthetic gene clusters. Cell. 2014;158(2):412-21.

Claesson MJ, Jeffery IB, Conde S, et al. Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature. 2012;488(7410):178-84.

Cong Y, Weaver CT, Lazenby A, Elson CO. Bacterial-reactive T regulatory cells inhibit pathogenic immune responses to the enteric flora. J Immunol. 2002;169(11):6112-9.

Cullen TW, Schofield WB, Barry NA, et al. Gut microbiota. Antimicrobial peptide resistance mediates resilience of prominent gut commensals during inflammation. Science. 2015;347(6218):170-5.

David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014;505(7484):559-63.

Devlin AS, Fischbach MA. A biosynthetic pathway for a prominent class of microbiota-derived bile acids. Nat Chem Biol. 2015;11(9):685-90.

Donia MS, Cimermancic P, Schulze CJ, et al. A systematic analysis of biosynthetic gene clusters in the human microbiome reveals a common family of antibiotics. Cell. 2014;158(6):1402-14.

Donia MS, Fischbach MA. Small molecules from the human microbiota. Science. 2015;349(6246):1254766. Review.

Franzosa EA, Hsu T, Sirota-Madi A, et al. Sequencing and beyond: integrating molecular 'omics' for microbial community profiling. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(6):360-72.

Gevers D, Kugathasan S, Denson LA, et al. The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn's disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;15(3):382-92.

Goodman AL, Kallstrom G, Faith JJ, et al. Extensive personal human gut microbiota culture collections characterized and manipulated in gnotobiotic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(15):6252-7.

Goodman AL, McNulty NP, Zhao Y, et al. Identifying genetic determinants needed to establish a human gut symbiont in its habitat. Cell Host Microbe. 2009;6(3):279-89.

Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012;486(7402):207-14.

Jeffery IB, Lynch DB, O'Toole PW. Composition and temporal stability of the gut microbiota in older persons. ISME J. 2016;10(1):170-82. [Epub ahead of print]

Khor B, Gardet A, Xavier RJ. Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. 2011;474(7351):307-17.

Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 2013;500(7464):541-6.

Lewis JD, Chen EZ, Baldassano RN, et al. Inflammation, antibiotics, and diet as environmental stressors of the gut microbiome in pediatric Crohn's disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;18(4):489-500.

Li J, Jia H, Cai X, et al. An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32(8):834-41.

Liu B, Tonkonogy SL, Sartor RB. Antigen-presenting cell production of IL-10 inhibits T-helper 1 and 17 cell responses and suppresses colitis in mice. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(2):653-62,662.e1-4.

Longman RS, Littman DR. The functional impact of the intestinal microbiome on mucosal immunity and systemic autoimmunity. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2015;27(4):381-7.

Longman RS, Swaminath A. Microbial manipulation as primary therapy for Crohn's disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(10):1513-6.

Longman RS, Yang Y, Diehl GE, et al. Microbiota: host interactions in mucosal homeostasis and systemic autoimmunity. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2013;78:193-201. Review.

McHardy IH, Goudarzi M, Tong M, et al. Integrative analysis of the microbiome and metabolome of the human intestinal mucosal surface reveals exquisite inter-relationships. Microbiome. 2013;1(1):17.

Morgan XC, Tickle TL, Sokol H, et al. Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment. Genome Biol. 2012;13(9):R79.

Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Snader KM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981–2002. J Nat Prod. 2003;66(7):1022-37.

Nielsen HB, Almeida M, Juncker AS, et al. Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32(8):822-8.

Peterson DA, Frank DN, Pace NR, Gordon JI. Metagenomic approaches for defining the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Host Microbe. 2008;3(6):417-27.

Qin N, Yang F, Li A, et al. Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis. Nature. 2014;513(7516):59-64.

Round JL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(5):313-23.

Sartor RB. Genetics and environmental interactions shape the intestinal microbiome to promote inflammatory bowel disease versus mucosal homeostasis. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(6):1816-9.

Sartor RB. Mechanisms of disease: pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;3(7):390-407.

Shen Y, Giardino Torchia ML, Lawson GW, et al. Outer membrane vesicles of a human commensal mediate immune regulation and disease protection. Cell Host Microbe. 2012;12(4):509-20.

Van Limbergen J, Radford-Smith G, Satsangi J. Advances in IBD genetics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;11(6):372-85. Review.

Wieland Brown LC, Acker MG, Clardy J, et al. Thirteen posttranslational modifications convert a 14-residue peptide into the antibiotic thiocillin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(8):2549-53.

Organizers

Mercedes Beyna, MS

Pfizer
publications

John Hambor, PhD

Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals
publications

John E. Hambor is a director of the Research Beyond Borders division at Boehringer Ingelheim, where he coordinates a strategic postdoctoral research program focused on developing new therapeutic concepts in collaboration with academic investigators. He was previously a consultant with the Cell Therapy Group, the CEO of CellDesign, and a developer of stem cell technologies at Pfizer, where he worked on new drug targets for inflammation and immunology and developed stem cell-based assays for drug-efficacy and safety studies. Hambor received an MS in microbiology from Miami University of Ohio and a PhD in pathology from Case Western Reserve University. As a postdoctoral fellow at Yale University in the Department of Immunobiology, he researched the molecular basis of CD8 expression during T-cell development. He has been an adjunct assistant professor of immunology at Connecticut College since 2000. He also serves as a member of the board of directors for the Connecticut Veterans Administration Research and Education Foundation.

Nilufer Seth, PhD

Pfizer
publications

Nilufer Seth is a scientist in the Emerging Science Group in the Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit at Pfizer. She received her PhD from the Medical College of Augusta and joined the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute for postdoctoral training. Her research focused on the ex vivo isolation and study of pathogenic CD4 T cells from individuals with infections or autoimmune disease. She studied human HIV and HCV antigen-specific T cells and antigen-specific CD4 T cells from NOD mice using a novel method she developed to generate MHC class II tetramers. Before Pfizer she worked at Wyeth developing drugs targeting inflammatory cytokines, B cells, and T cells. At Pfizer she is leading and developing the microbiome strategy to develop medicines that will reshape the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases by harnessing strategies and pathways used by the human gut microbiota to maintain barrier and immune homeostasis.

Erick Young, PhD

Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals

Erick R. Young obtained his PhD in synthetic bioorganic chemistry from Pennsylvania State University and completed postdoctoral studies in natural product synthesis at Ohio State University. He joined Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals as a research project leader for immunology and cardiometabolic diseases. He became increasingly involved in the generation of new target concepts and novel therapeutic modalities for new target class spaces. He is currently director of external innovation for the newly formed Research Beyond Borders division, where his primary focus is the conception, identification, and enablement of new therapeutic mechanisms and disease indications outside the organization's current scope or capabilities.

Sonya Dougal, PhD

The New York Academy of Sciences

Sonya Dougal is the director of Life Sciences Discussion Groups at the New York Academy of Sciences. She develops an annual portfolio of scientific symposia on life sciences and biomedical research. Dougal has over 14 years of experience in scientific research and program management in academia, industry, and nonprofits. She holds a PhD in cognitive psychology from the University of Pittsburgh. She was the recipient of a Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award from the National Institutes of Health for her postdoctoral training as a cognitive neuroscientist in the laboratory of Elizabeth Phelps at New York University.


Keynote Speaker

Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich, PhD

French National Institute for Agricultural Research; King's College London, UK
website | publications

Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich was trained in organic chemistry at the University of Zagreb, Croatia, and obtained a PhD in biochemistry at the University Paris VII, France. He was a research associate of Dr. Joshua Lederberg, Nobel Prize winner, in the Department of Genetics at Stanford University Medical School. He founded and directed the Microbial Genetics Research Unit and the Microbiology Division at the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) in France. He is research director emeritus at INRA, where he is the principle investigator of the Metagenopolis project, and a professor at King's College London, where he is director of the Centre for Host–Microbiome Interactions. He has authored or coauthored 60 book chapters and holds 14 patents and an H-index of 73. He is member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, of the French Academy of Agriculture, of the European Molecular Biology Organisation, and of the American Academy of Microbiology.


Speakers

Jonathan Braun, MD, PhD

University of California, Los Angeles
website | publications

Rodolphe Clerval, MS

Enterome
website

Michael A. Fischbach, PhD

University of California, San Francisco
website | publications

Andy Goodman, PhD

Yale School of Medicine
website | publications

Randy Longman, MD, PhD

Weill Cornell Medical College
website | publications

Sarkis Mazmanian, PhD

California Institute of Technology
website | publications

Paul W. O'Toole, PhD

University College Cork, Ireland
website | publications

R. Balfour Sartor, MD

University of North Carolina School of Medicine
website | publications


Data Blitz Presenters and Young Investigators

Matthew R. Hepworth, PhD

Weill Cornell Medical College

Mingzhi Lin, MS

New York University

Noah W. Palm, PhD

Yale University School of Medicine

Tamar Ringel-Kulka, MD, MPH

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Victoria Ruiz, PhD

NYU Langone Medical Center


Hannah Rice

Hannah Rice is editorial manager for eBriefings at the New York Academy of Sciences.

Sponsors

Platinum Sponsor


The Microbiome Science Discussion Group is proudly supported by

  • Pfizer