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eBriefing

The Microbiome in Health, Disease, and Therapeutics: Bugs, Guts, and Drugs

The Microbiome in Health, Disease, and Therapeutics: Bugs, Guts, and Drugs
Reported by
Alan Dove

Posted December 03, 2013

Overview

The advent of fast, cheap DNA sequencing technologies has allowed scientists to probe a longstanding question: How many microbial species are there, and exactly what are they doing? Until recently, researchers could only study microorganisms that could be cultured in the lab, leaving an unknown but presumably large number of species unexamined. Indeed, as new data come in phrases such as "large number of species" seem pathetically inadequate.

The infant field of microbiomics has already revealed vast, immensely powerful ecosystems of bacteria and viruses in every niche scientists have investigated. Looking at the human body alone reveals distinct microbiomes in every orifice and a complex web of microbial interactions and metabolic products influencing every part of our lives.

On October 4, 2013, scientists working on the frontiers of human microbiomics met at the New York Academy of Sciences to discuss the profound effects our personal microbiomes have on health and disease, and to ponder the possibilities of a new era of microbially-based medicine. The Microbiome in Health, Disease, and Therapeutics: Bugs, Guts, and Drugs was presented by the Academy's Biochemical Pharmacology Discussion Group.

Use the tabs above to find a meeting report and multimedia from this event.

Presentations available from:
Stephen M. Collins, MBBS (McMaster University, Canada)
Peter S. DiStefano, PhD (Second Genome Inc.)
Robert Martone (Covance Biomarker Center of Excellence)
Joseph A. Murray, MD (Mayo Clinic)
Jeremy K. Nicholson, FMedSci (Imperial College London, UK)
Poster presenter: Henry Haiser (Turnbaugh Lab at Harvard University)


The Biochemical Pharmacology Discussion Group is proudly supported by




Mission Partner support for the Frontiers of Science program provided by Pfizer

Journal Articles

Abt MC, Artis D. The dynamic influence of commensal bacteria on the immune response to pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013;16(1):4-9.

Bhatt AS, Freeman SS, Herrera AF, et al. Sequence-based discovery of Bradyrhizobium enterica in cord colitis syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(6):517-28.

Brown J, de Vos WM, DiStefano PS, et al. Translating the human microbiome. Nat Biotechnol. 2013;31(4):304-8.

Coburn JA, Vande Voort JL, Lahr BD, et al. Human leukocyte antigen genetics and clinical features of self-treated patients on a gluten-free diet. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;47(10):828-33.

Collins SM, Bercik P. Gut microbiota: intestinal bacteria influence brain activity in healthy humans. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(6):326-7.

Collins SM, Kassam Z, Bercik P. The adoptive transfer of behavioral phenotype via the intestinal microbiota: experimental evidence and clinical implications. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013;16(3):240-5.

Fischbach MA, Bluestone JA, Lim WA. Cell-based therapeutics: the next pillar of medicine. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(179):179ps7.

Gevers D, Pop M, Schloss PD, Huttenhower C. Bioinformatics for the Human Microbiome Project. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8(11):e1002779.

Holmes E, Kinross J, Gibson GR, et al. Therapeutic modulation of microbiota-host metabolic interactions. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(137):137rv6.

Holmes E, Li JV, Marchesi JR, Nicholson JK. Gut microbiota composition and activity in relation to host metabolic phenotype and disease risk. Cell Metab. 2012;16(5):559-64.

Huber JL, McBurney MW, Distefano PS, McDonagh T. SIRT1-independent mechanisms of the putative sirtuin enzyme activators SRT1720 and SRT2183. Future Med Chem. 2010;2(12):1751-9.

Husby S, Murray JA. New aspects of the diagnosis of celiac disease in children, adolescents, and adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(6):540-3.

Longo KA, Govek EK, Nolan A, et al. Pharmacologic inhibition of ghrelin receptor signaling is insulin sparing and promotes insulin sensitivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011;339(1):115-24.

Ludvigsson JF, Reichenberg A, Hultman CM, Murray JA. A nationwide study of the association between celiac disease and the risk of autistic spectrum disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(11):1224-30.

Marcobal A, Kashyap PC, Nelson TA, et al. A metabolomic view of how the human gut microbiota impacts the host metabolome using humanized and gnotobiotic mice. ISME J. 2013;7(10):1933-43.

Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Ng A, et al. Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature. 2009;461(7268):1282-6.

Morgan XC, Tickle TL, Sokol H, et al. Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment. Genome Biol. 2012;13(9):R79.

Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Kinross J, et al. Host–gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science. 2012;336(6086):1262-7.

Park AJ, Collins J, Blennerhassett PA, et al. Altered colonic function and microbiota profile in a mouse model of chronic depression. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25(9):733-e575.

Perone MJ, Bertera S, Shufesky WJ, et al. Suppression of autoimmune diabetes by soluble galectin-1. J Immunol. 2009;182(5):2641-53.

Rankin AL, Seth N, Keegan S, et al. Selective inhibition of BTK prevents murine lupus and antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis. J Immunol. 2013. [Epub 2013 Sep 25]

Sonnenberg GF, Artis D. Innate lymphoid cell interactions with microbiota: implications for intestinal health and disease. Immunity. 2012;37(4):601-10.

Wieland Brown LC, Penaranda C, Kashyap PC, et al. Production of α-galactosylceramide by a prominent member of the human gut microbiota. PLoS Biol. 2013;11(7):e1001610.

Zapf CW, Gerstenberger BS, Xing L, et al. Covalent inhibitors of interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (itk) with nanomolar potency in a whole-blood assay. J Med Chem. 2012;55(22):10047-63.

Organizers

Mercedes Beyna, MS

Pfizer
website | publications

Mercedes Beyna is a research scientist at Pfizer, where she is using molecular, cellular, genetic, and imaging approaches in the quest to understand the biology underlying autism spectrum disorders. Captivated by neuroscience, she has worked in the field for over 10 years, in both academic and industrial laboratory settings. Beyna attended Binghamton University, earning her undergraduate degree in biology, and subsequently received her master's degree in biology from New York University. As an active member of the Biochemical Pharmacology Discussion Group, she enjoys developing interesting and educational symposia.

Robert Martone

Covance Biomarker Center of Excellence
website | publications

Robert Martone is the neuroscience therapeutic area lead for the Covance Biomarker Center of Excellence. He has expertise in both small-molecule and protein therapeutics and extensive experience in the pharmaceutical industry, leading neuroscience drug discovery and technology teams from target identification through clinical trials. He also has several years of academic research experience in molecular neurobiology, with a focus on the molecular genetics of familial neuropathies and CNS tumor biomarker development.

Nilufer Seth, PhD

Pfizer
website | publications

Nilufer Seth is a scientist in the Host–Microbiome Interactions Group in the Immunoscience Research Unit at Pfizer. She received her PhD from the Medical College of Augusta and joined the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute for postdoctoral training. Her research focused on the ex vivo isolation and study of pathogenic CD4 T cells from individuals with infections or autoimmune disease. She studied human HIV and HCV antigen-specific T cells and antigen-specific CD4 T cells from NOD mice using a novel method she developed to generate MHC class II tetramers. She previously worked at Wyeth, focusing on projects targeting inflammatory cytokines, as well as other therapeutic mechanisms targeting B and T cells. At Pfizer she is part of a group that is dedicated to discovering medicines that will reshape the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases by harnessing strategies and pathways used by the human gut microbiota to maintain immune homeostasis.

Richard Snyder, MS

Covance Biomarker Center of Excellence
website


Richard Snyder leads the Assay Development Group for the Covance Biomarker Center of Excellence. He has extensive experience in de novo immunoassay development on most commercial platforms. He also has several years of industry experience in therapeutic drug monitoring assay development for in vitro diagnostic use, as well as several years of academic research experience in high-throughput genetic analysis focused on metabolic bone disorders.

Jennifer Henry, PhD

The New York Academy of Sciences


Jennifer Henry is the director of Life Sciences at the New York Academy of Sciences. Henry joined the Academy in 2009, before which she was a publishing manager in the Academic Journals division at Nature Publishing Group. She also has eight years of direct editorial experience as editor of Functional Plant Biology for CSIRO Publishing in Australia. She received her PhD in plant molecular biology from the University of Melbourne, specializing in the genetic engineering of transgenic crops. As director of Life Sciences, she is responsible for developing scientific symposia across a range of life sciences, including biochemical pharmacology, neuroscience, systems biology, genome integrity, infectious diseases and microbiology. She also generates alliances with organizations interested in developing programmatic content


Speakers

David Artis, PhD

University of Pennsylvania
website | publications

David Artis completed his doctorate at the University of Manchester, UK, focusing on the regulation of immunity and inflammation in the intestine. He received a Wellcome Trust Prize Traveling Fellowship and pursued fellowship training at the University of Pennsylvania, where he continued his research in the regulation of immune responses at barrier surfaces. Artis joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania in 2005 and became an associate professor of microbiology in 2010. Artis has developed a research program focused on dissecting the pathways that regulate innate and adaptive immune cell function at barrier surfaces in the context of health and disease. His research program also encompasses translation of research findings in preclinical models and patient-based studies of immune-mediated diseases.

Stephen M. Collins, MBBS

McMaster University, Canada
website | publications

Stephen M. Collins received medical training at London University, UK, where he later specialized in internal medicine. He trained in gastroenterology at McMaster University, Canada, before completing three years of research training in cell biology at the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Health (NIH). He has been on staff at McMaster University since 1981, where he is now associate dean for research in the faculty of health sciences and holds the title of distinguished university professor. He is past president of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology. His areas of interest include the impact of inflammation on gut function, neuron–immune interactions, and the role of commensal bacteria in health and disease. He has served as an advisor to the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America and chaired the Strategic Initiatives Committee for the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada.

Peter S. DiStefano, PhD

Second Genome Inc.
website | publications

Peter S. DiStefano has over 25 years of experience in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, holding several positions in drug discovery and development. Before joining Second Genome, he was chief scientific officer and senior vice president of research and development at Elixir Pharmaceuticals. At Millennium Pharmaceuticals, he headed the psychiatric disease and pain programs as the senior director of neurobiology. He currently serves on the Board of Directors at Acylin Therapeutics, a biotech start-up company focused on cancer therapeutics that he founded in Seattle in 2010. DiStefano received his PhD in pharmacology from Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse and did his postdoctoral training in pharmacology at Washington University in St. Louis.

Michael A. Fischbach, PhD

University of California, San Francisco
website | publications

Michael A. Fischbach is an assistant professor in the Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences at the University of California, San Francisco, and a member of the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3). His laboratory uses a combination of genomics and chemistry to identify and characterize small molecules from microbes, with an emphasis on the human microbiome. Fischbach received his PhD in chemistry from Harvard University, where he studied the role of iron acquisition in bacterial pathogenesis and the biosynthesis of antibiotics. Before joining UCSF, he spent two years as an independent fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital, coordinating a collaborative effort based at the Broad Institute to develop genomics-based approaches to the discovery of small molecules from microbes. Fischbach is a member of the scientific advisory boards of Second Genome, Reckitt Bensicker, and Warp Drive Bio, and a consultant for Achaogen, Bayer CropScience, and Genentech.

Dirk Gevers, PhD

The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
website | publications

Dirk Gevers received a PhD in biochemistry from Ghent University, Belgium, and completed postdoctoral training at Ghent University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in bioinformatics, comparative and evolutionary genome analysis, and microbial ecology. He joined the Broad Institute in 2008 as a computational biologist, shortly after the National Institutes of Health funded four major U.S. Microbial Sequencing Centers to take on the Human Microbiome Project, an ambitious initiative to understand the microorganisms that live in and on humans. Within this large-scale metagenomics project, he has spearheaded the development of high-throughput capabilities for processing, organizing, and interpreting metagenomic datasets that enable a comprehensive examination of microbial communities. In 2010, Gevers was appointed group leader of Microbial Systems and Communities in the Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program. His projects bring together advanced sequence-based technologies and novel bioinformatic tools to characterize the vast complexity of the human microbiome in both health and disease.

Joseph A. Murray, MD

Mayo Clinic
website | publications

Joseph A. Murray is a professor of medicine at the Mayo Clinic. He received an MD from the National University of Ireland and completed a residency at the University of Iowa. Murray's research focus in two distinct areas: celiac disease, or gluten sensitivity, and enteropathy and esophageal disorders. The first research area is sponsored by the NIH and focuses on clinical epidemiology of celiac disease, the role of genetics in predicting disease, the development of animal models for the disease and its associated dermatologic condition, and dermatitis herpetiformis. The second area focuses on esophageal disorders, particularly esophageal functional disorders such as reflux and atypical reflux. He also studies eosinophilic esophagitis, specifically translational research looking at the association between allergic disorders and eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus.

Jeremy K. Nicholson, FMedSci

Imperial College London, UK
website | publications

Jeremy K. Nicholson is a professor in the Department of Surgery & Cancer and is the chair and head of the Department of Biological Chemistry at Imperial College London. His research focuses on molecular physio-chemical processes in metabolism and medicine, the development of novel spectroscopic and chemometric tools for investigating human disease and toxicological mechanisms, metabolism-driven top-down systems biology and modeling of complex system failure, personalized health care through metabolic phenotyping, surgical metabonomics, real-time diagnostics, and integrative patient modeling. He is the consulting editor for the Journal of Proteome Research (ACS) and serves on the editorial board of Molecular Systems Biology.

Nilufer Seth, PhD

Pfizer
website | publications


Poster Presenters

Laura Cox

Blaser Lab at NYU

Henry Haiser

Turnbaugh Lab at Harvard University

Caroline Johnson

Scripps Research Institute


Alan Dove

Alan Dove is a science writer and reporter for Nature Medicine, Nature Biotechnology, and Bioscience Technology. He also teaches at the NYU School of Journalism and blogs at http://dovdox.com.

Sponsors

Endorsing Partner

Endorsed by the American Gastroenterological Association

The Biochemical Pharmacology Discussion Group is proudly supported by




Mission Partner support for the Frontiers of Science program provided by Pfizer