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Calcium Dashboard – Details by Country

United States of America (the)


Country Typology: Low disease risk, high intervention/policy environment

Health Data

Preterm Births:

  • Lancet Estimates: Preterm Birth Rate per 100 Live Births: 10.0 [9.6-10.4] 1
  • GBD Estimates: DALYS per 100,000 [CI]: 299 [258, 341] 2

Maternal Hypertensive Disorders - Preclampsia & Eclampsia Incidence: 3

  • % of Preeclampsia Cases: 4.20%
  • % of Eclampsia Cases: 0.08%
  • % of Combined Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: NR

Maternal Hypertensive Disorders - DALYS & Deaths: 4

  • DALYs per 100,000: 6.43 [4.59, 8.66]
  • Deaths per 100,000: 0.05 [0.04, 0.06]

Bone Fractures Incidence Rate per 100,000 [CI]: 3394.8 [3077.2, 3741.6] 5

Diet and Food Supply

Calcium Intake: 1308.7mg/day (1828.2) 6

Apparent Calcium Intake: 1185.5 mg/day 7

Policies

Calcium Fortification: 8
• Mandatory fortification of Wheat flour (2112mg/kg)
• Mandatory fortification of Rice (1650mg/kg)
• Mandatory fortification of Maize flour (1375mg/kg)

Antenatal Care Guidelines: 9

  • Supplementation Recommendation:
    No recommendation
  • Food-Based Recommendation:
    1000 mg/day
    • Milk and milk products
    • Fish with bones
    • Leafy greens
    • Nuts
    • Dried fruits
    • Wholegrain cereals

References:

1 Preterm Births - Lancet Estimates
Ohuma EO, Moller A-B, Bradley E, et al. National, regional, and global. estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2023; 402: 1261–71.

2 Preterm Births - GBD Estimates
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Accessed 7/23/2025). For terms and conditions of use, please visit http://www.healthdata.org/about/terms-and-conditions

3 Maternal Hypertensive Disorders - Preclampsia & Eclampsia Incidence
Lee, R., Brandt, J. S., Joseph, K. S., & Ananth, C. V. (2024). Pregnancy‐associated mortality due to cardiovascular disease: impact of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 38(3), 204-215.

4 Maternal Hypertensive Disorders - DALYS & Deaths
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Accessed 9/16/2024).

5 Bone Fractures
Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021). Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 2022. Available from https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/. (Accessed 7/18/2025).

6 Calcium Intake
Miketinas, D., Luo, H., Firth, J. A., Bailey, A., Bender, T., Gross, G., & Brink, L. (2024). Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake Among US Women Aged 20 to 44 Years. JAMA network open, 7(10), e2438460.

7 Apparent Calcium Intake
Updated for 2022 based on: Lividini, K., Masters, W.A. Tracing global flows of bioactive compounds from farm to fork in nutrient balance sheets can help guide intervention towards healthier food supplies. Nat Food 3, 703–715 (2022).

8 Calcium Fortification
US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Volume 2, 21CFR137.260, Part 137--Cereal flours and related products, Subpart B--Requirements for specific standardized cereal flours and related products, Sec 137.260 Enriched corn meals. United States of America. From: Global Fortification Data Exchange. Accessed 11 October 2024. [http://www.fortificationdata.org.]
Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. 21 CFR Ch. I (4-1-08 Edition) 137.350 Enriched rice. United States of America. 2016. From: Global Fortification Data Exchange. Accessed 11 October 2024. [http://www.fortificationdata.org.]
Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration 21 CFR Parts 136, 137, and 139, (Docket No. 91N-100S) RIN 0910-AA19. Food Standards: Amendment of standards of identity for enriched grain products to require addition of folic acid. United States of America. 05/March/1996. From: Global Fortification Data Exchange. Accessed 11 October 2024. [http://www.fortificationdata.org.]

9 Antenatal Care Guidelines
Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Part D. Chapter 2: Food, Beverage, and Nutrient Consumption During Pregnancy. Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Published online 2020. Accessed September 13, 2024. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/PartD_Ch2_Pregnancy_first-print.pdf