A skeleton of a prehistoric sloth-like creature.

An Annals article and lecture given by Samuel L. Mitchill in 1823 presented paleolithic research suggesting that the territory of the Megatherium americanum may have extended farther north than scientists had previously thought.

Published November 28, 2023

By Nick Fetty

An illustration of what the *Megatherium americanum* may have looked like.
Image by Nobu Tamura. Licensed via CC BY-SA 4.0.
No changes were made to the original work.

Massive sloth-like creatures may have been roaming the land that we now call the United States during the Pleistocene Epoch (between 2.6 million and 11,700 years ago), according to research presented by The New York Academy of Sciences’ first president two hundred years ago this month.

Samuel L. Mitchell, a prominent physician, scientist, politician, and founding member of the Academy (then known as the “Lyceum of Natural History in the City of New York”) gave a talk at the Lyceum on November 17, 1823, entitled “Observations on the teeth of the MEGATHERIUM recently discovered in the United States.”

This was followed by an article by the same name published in the inaugural issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences in 1824. The article and lecture covered findings from Mitchell’s paleolithic research which suggested that the territory of the Megatherium (Megatherium americanum), a now-extinct species of giant ground sloth, may have extended farther north than scientists previously thought. This marked the first such recorded discovery north of the equator.

A Noteworthy Discovery

Mitchell received a set of fossil teeth that were discovered on Skidaway Island, just south of Savannah, Georgia. Mitchell noted that the teeth marked a noteworthy scientific discovery at that time, but bones that were discovered alongside the teeth were not able to be studied because of improper handling.

“These teeth are very remarkable, and differ much from any hitherto discovered in North America,” Mitchell wrote, adding “…there can be no doubt that the teeth in question belong to that extinct species, [known as] the Megaterium.”

A *Megatherium americanum* skeleton on display at the Natural History Museum in London.
Photo by Ballista.
Licensed via CC BY-SA 3.0 DEED.
No changes were made to the original work.

Built Upon Previous Findings

This discovery built upon similar findings from the late 18^th century (about fifty years prior) when a near-perfect skeleton of the Megaterium was discovered near Buenos Aires, Argentina. Years later, another specimen was discovered in Paraguay. The full skeleton was on display at the Royal Cabinet of Madrid (Spain) at the time Mitchell published his findings. Charles Darwin, another prominent member in the early history of the Lyceum, would go on to discover remains from another Megatherium in Argentina between 1832 and 1833.

The Megatherium was described as similar in size to a rhinoceros or elephant. Biologically, the furry creature occupied a space between a sloth (Bradypus Lin.) and an ant eater (Myrmecophaga Lin.), though it shared more characteristics with the former. Based on the form of the teeth and the structure of the claws, researchers hypothesized that the creature subsisted on vegetables, predominately roots.

5 1/2 Inches in Length

Mitchell described the fossils in his possession as “one tooth entire, with the exception of the fang which is broken transversely off, and the half of another, with the fang separated.” Each sample was square in shape, with rounded edges. Their approximate length of five and a half inches matched the description provided by previous researchers, indicating to Mitchell that these teeth were, in fact, likely those of a Megatherium. The teeth were black in color and the cutting edges were well-worn, indicating the animal’s likely advanced age at the time of its demise.

Mitchell, who arranged the Lyceum’s first formal meeting in 1817, concluded his paper by reemphasizing the importance of this discovery within the context of the natural history of the United States.

“Although, from the circumstances previously mentioned, it is hardly possible that a complete skeleton will be found, yet enough has been discovered to satisfy us, that the United States, which contains so many relics of huge animals, may add to her ‘giant brood,’ the Megatherium.”

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Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences is an international science journal published monthly in many areas of science, though predominantly the biological sciences. Each issue presents original research articles and/or commissioned reviews, commentaries, and perspectives. Articles published online before print can be found here. In 2022, Ann NY Acad Sci began publishing a new front-half section of essays, book reviews/excerpts, commentaries, and perspectives in the spirit of The New York Academy of Sciences’ venerable general science magazine The Sciences (published 1960-2001). Ann NY Acad Sci is a hybrid (open access–subscription) journal available in 80+ countries worldwide, rigorously peer-reviewed, and ranked among the top multidisciplinary journals worldwide. Current journal metrics can be found here.

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rel=\"category tag\">Public Health<\/a>","space":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/category\/government-and-policy\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Government and Policy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/category\/nick-fetty\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Nick Fetty<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/category\/public-health\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Public Health<\/a>"},"taxonomies":{"blog-highlight":"","blog-category":"<a href='https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/blog-category\/academy-history\/' rel='blog-category'>Academy History<\/a>","feature":"","program-category":"<a href='https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/program-category\/annals\/' rel='program-category'>Annals<\/a>","scientific-theme":"<a href='https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/scientific-theme\/health-disease\/' rel='scientific-theme'>Health & Disease<\/a>","speaker-name":""},"readTime":{"min":3,"sec":20},"status":"publish","excerpt":"Experts with the Academy have voiced concern about this dangerous carcinogen for more than half a century."},{"id":2964,"link":"https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/ideas-insights\/blog\/from-the-archives-observations-on-the-teeth-of-the-megatherium-recently-discovered-in-the-united-states\/","name":"from-the-archives-observations-on-the-teeth-of-the-megatherium-recently-discovered-in-the-united-states","thumbnail":{"url":"https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/megatherium_Featured-150x150.jpg","alt":"A skeleton of a prehistoric sloth-like creature."},"title":"Prehistoric Sloth-Like Creatures May Have Roamed the US","author":{"name":"Nick","link":"https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/author\/nickfetty\/"},"date":"Nov 28, 2023","dateGMT":"2023-11-28 15:15:18","modifiedDate":"2025-11-04 19:54:17","modifiedDateGMT":"2025-11-04 19:54:17","commentCount":"0","commentStatus":"closed","categories":{"coma":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/category\/history-of-science\/\" rel=\"category tag\">History of Science<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/category\/nick-fetty\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Nick Fetty<\/a>","space":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/category\/history-of-science\/\" rel=\"category tag\">History of Science<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/category\/nick-fetty\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Nick Fetty<\/a>"},"taxonomies":{"blog-highlight":"","blog-category":"<a href='https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/blog-category\/academy-history\/' rel='blog-category'>Academy History<\/a>","feature":"<a href='https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/feature\/n-a\/' rel='feature'>N\/A<\/a>","program-category":"<a href='https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/program-category\/annals\/' rel='program-category'>Annals<\/a>","scientific-theme":"<a href='https:\/\/www.nyas.org\/scientific-theme\/science-in-society\/' rel='scientific-theme'>Science in Society<\/a>","speaker-name":""},"readTime":{"min":3,"sec":23},"status":"publish","excerpt":"The territory of these creatures likely extended further north than previously thought."}]

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Biology of Social Behavior

This collection of papers explores the biological underpinnings of social behavior through a series of experiments, reviews, and perspectives. These papers include a wide range of species ranging from ants to monkeys and analyzes the biology of social behavior in relation to their epigenetic, ecological, evolutionary, and neuromolecular mechanisms and influences. The novel experimental findings, timely reviews, and unique perspectives will provide important contributions to advance the field of the biology of social behavior. The virtual issue is edited by Karen L. Bales (University of California, Davis) and Sara M. Freeman (Utah State University).

See https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/toc/10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632.biology-of-social-behavior.

Cooley’s Anemia

The papers in this virtual issue were invited from speakers of the Eleventh Cooley’s Anemia Symposium, held at the New York Academy of Sciences on October 17-20, 2022. The symposium brought together basic scientists, clinical investigators, and clinicians to review and discuss recent research for thalassemia syndromes. Several previous Annals issues have presented papers from past Cooley’s Anemia Symposia, all in collaboration with the New York Academy of Sciences.

See https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/toc/10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632.cooleys-anemia.

Adolescent Women Nutrition in Colombia and Vietnam

Adolescent and young women face grave nutritional challenges, but limited evidence exists on solutions to improve their diets. Supported by Fondation Botnar, Action-Research was done over three years (2020-2022) in secondary cities of Colombia (Medellin) and Vietnam (Thai Nguyen) to identify nutrient deficits in the diets of adolescent and young women; elaborate food-based recommendations to improve their nutritional status using Optifood linear programming; and engage respondents in incorporating suggested recommendations in their diet using a social innovation challenge approach. This virtual issue reports the findings of this research.

See https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/toc/10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632.adolescent-woman-nutrition-in-colombia-and-vietnam.

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Beginning in 2021, Ann NY Acad Sci and Keystone Symposia are working together to produce scholarly reports on select Keystone Symposia. Keeping with the high quality and timeliness of past reports published in Ann NY Acad Sci, the Keystone reports are prepared from the presentations by symposia speakers and then vetted carefully for content.

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Prehistoric Sloth-Like Creatures May Have Roamed the US

An Annals article and lecture given by Samuel L. Mitchill in 1823 presented paleolithic research suggesting that the territory of the Megatherium americanum may have extended farther north than scientists had previously thought.

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