Blog Archives

Our showcase of the inspiring honorees breaking new ground in life sciences, chemistry and physical sciences.

Published May 1, 2019

By Carina Storrs, PhD

Life Sciences Laureate

Heather J. Lynch, PhD, Stony Brook University

A pursuit of penguins leads to new territories in technology

It may be hard for penguin enthusiasts to believe, yet Heather Lynch PhD says the “most fun part of the entire year” is not the four months a year she and her team spend in Antarctica, but rather the time spent pouring over the reams of data when she returns. Lynch was originally drawn to penguins as a post-doc at the University of Maryland because of the challenge of studying them.

Lynch, now an Associate Professor at Stony Brook University, is tackling the fundamental questions of how many penguins are there and where exactly are they? Those may seem like simple questions, but they are stymied by data shortcomings, such as not having precise location data from on-the-ground surveys of the flightless, tuxedo-donning birds.

To subvert the treacherous Antarctic environment, Lynch turned to the wealth of NASA satellite imagery of the Antarctic that dates back decades. She and a colleague developed algorithms that scan the thousands of coastal images for signs of penguins revealed by their pink-hued guano (bird feces). Then, when they get tipped off to the presence of a large colony of penguins, they bring glacial-ready drones to the areas to take high-resolution pictures for exact headcounts.

The Adélie penguins

One of the biggest finds was a supercolony of about 1.5 million Adélie penguins on the Danger Islands right off the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, which stretches toward South America. No one knew this colony existed — Lynch didn’t believe the algorithm at first, until she could confirm it with other satellite imagery.

She and her lab have also discovered much smaller colonies of chinstrap and gentoo penguins on the nearby Aitcho Islands. Without Lynch’s mathematical techniques and use of satellite technologies to detect guano, these colonies of penguins may have never been discovered.

Thanks to this multi-pronged approach, Lynch can now pride herself on the ability to locate nearly all of the penguin colonies in the Antarctic and is excited about the possibility of discovering even more colonies. Lynch’s game-changing ability to apply mathematical modeling to ecological data collected from satellites, aerial drones and field work is what earned her the title of 2019 Blavatnik National Awards Laureate in Life Sciences.

Lynch has always had one foot in the technological side. She was close to getting her PhD in physics when she “came up for air,” decided she wanted to apply her problem-solving zest toward environmental issues, and switched to a PhD program in biology.

Developing Skills in Statistics and Programming

However, she thinks the expertise that she acquired in mathematical modeling while working on her physics PhD has been the secret to her success. She advises students interested in pursuing any STEM field to develop some statistical and programming abilities.

“[They] are that all-access pass,” Lynch says. “There is not a lab on the planet that does not need people with those skills.”

Although Lynch’s discoveries have been welcome news for ecologists and penguin lovers alike, they can appear to belie the peril facing these birds due to climate change.

“All of these other populations, even other Adélie penguins, are crashing,” Lynch says.

A big part of her research focuses on developing models to understand why the Danger Island colony is flourishing, while the Adélie penguins on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula are declining.

Implications for Conservation and the Impact of the Award

It almost goes without saying that Lynch’s research has implications for conservation.

“When we found the Danger Island populations, the first email I sent was to the people who were designing the Marine Protected Area in the region,” Lynch recalls. The Danger Islands had not been considered an important area to protect, but in what Lynch calls a “dream scenario,” policy makers expanded the area to include the islands after she told them about the Adélie supercolony.

Lynch is excited that the Blavatnik Award will bring attention to the recent technological advances in the field of ecology. The synergistic effects of Lynch’s methods will have a wide-ranging and critical impact in the fields of ecology and conservation biology in the face of impending, human-induced mass extinctions. Lynch and her lab have already expanded her methods to evaluate Antarctic seal and whale populations, and scientists can use her methods in the hope of saving other species all over the world.

Chemistry Laureate

Emily Balskus, PhD, Harvard University

Cracking the mysteries of the human microbiome

The first time that Emily Balskus, PhD worked with a microbiome, the term for communities of bacteria that live in our bodies and all around us, she was knee-deep in the salt marshes off the southern coast of Cape Cod, collecting bacteria.

Things got pretty messy, but the experience helped convince Balskus — who was then conducting postdoctoral research in chemical biology at Harvard Medical School — that she wanted to bring her chemistry expertise to bear on the biggest questions about the human microbiome.

Up until those marshy waters, Balskus was doing, as she puts it, “pretty conventional” chemistry. But early on during her postdoctoral training she attended a seminar about the Human Microbiome Project, which would set out to catalogue the microbes living on and within us. It opened her eyes to the shocking fact that scientists knew almost nothing about what these bacteria were actually doing, and how they affected our health.

“I couldn’t believe that we could be living so closely with so many microbes, that we had shared evolutionary history with them, and there was so much we didn’t know about them,” Balskus recalls.

Understanding the Microbiome in our Gut

Much of what we now know about the goings-on of the microbiome in our gut — for example, how certain bacterial residents can increase the risk of heart disease or thwart the activity of the medications we take — is thanks to the research group that Balskus has been leading at Harvard University since 2011.

For her work getting to the bottom of microbial mysteries, Balskus was named the 2019 Blavatnik National Awards Laureate in Chemistry, which Balskus says is “wonderful” and “very humbling.”

One of the most exciting discoveries of the Balskus lab is connecting how bacteria in the gut microbiome may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. It had been known for more than a decade that certain strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) make a toxic molecule, called colibactin, and that these bacterial strains are more likely to be found in the gut of people with colorectal cancer.

Understanding the Chemical Components

Balskus and her team focused on determining the chemical makeup of the mysterious colibactin molecule, which had been challenging for other chemists to isolate and characterize. The difficulty of studying this molecule using more conventional approaches made her consider whether her unique perspective might provide another path.

Balskus’ team explored how colibactin was produced in the gut without knowing its complete structure. They eventually discovered that the colibactin molecule contains a structure called a cyclopropane ring, which is known to cause DNA damage that can lead to cancer-causing mutations. Importantly, her team showed that exposing human cells in the lab to the toxic E. coli strain led to a specific type of cyclopropane-dependent DNA damage, whereas cells exposed to harmless strains of E. coli showed no signs of similar DNA damage.

In future studies, she hopes to determine whether this type of DNA damage can be seen in cells obtained from biopsies of colorectal cancer patients, to confirm whether this toxic E. coli is indeed responsible for increasing cancer risk.

Balskus credits her postdoctoral advisor, Christopher Walsh, MD, PhD for suggesting she take the fateful trip to the salt marshes, which was part of a summer microbiology course held at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. This course equipped her with the tools of microbiology and expertise that she continues to use to probe the human microbiome.

Combining Chemistry and Microbiome Research

Today, Balskus is a Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Harvard University, and a leader in bringing the worlds of chemistry and microbiome research together. This spring she helped organize the first scientific conference on the chemistry of the human and other microbiomes.

“Both [fields] are very excited about this intersection,” Balskus says. She is also venturing into other scientific fields, such as genetics, and exploring how chemistry’s tools can advance other areas of biological research.

Balskus hopes to use the Blavatnik Award funds to promote women and other underrepresented groups in science. She recognizes how much her female science teachers at the all-women’s high school and the small liberal arts college she attended encouraged her and were role models for her. Many young women are not so fortunate.

“It is not one thing that makes it hard, it is a bunch of things that make it difficult for women to feel like they belong in science,” Balskus says.

Physical Sciences & Engineering Laureate

Ana Maria Rey, PhD, University of Colorado Boulder

Building the world’s most precise atomic clock

Ana Maria Rey, PhD fell for physics in high school, the moment she realized she could use mathematical equations to predict how a ball will move. It was an easy love affair, as Rey flew through physics problems for fun.

But at the university she attended in her native Colombia, a professor challenged the students with such long physics exams that students had no time to perform detailed calculations. This professor, who Rey considers her first role model, taught them to rely on intuition instead, which could only be acquired through intensive study of the subject.

It is a lesson that Rey has carried with her throughout her career. Over the course of her PhD studies at the University of Maryland, through two periods of postdoctoral training, and now as a Professor of Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder, Rey has delved deep into the world of quantum mechanics.

Diving into Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics describes the behavior of the smallest particles of matter: the atoms and sub-atomic particles that make up balls and every other material on Earth. Just like her early days with physics, Rey is explaining the behavior of the quantum world using mathematical models. But now she is the one developing the models, in groundbreaking work that earned her the honor of being named the Blavatnik National Awards Laureate in Physical Sciences & Engineering this year.

“Understanding [atomic and sub-atomic] behavior is really, really important because it can lead to technological development,” Rey says.

Although her research is theoretical, its applications are tangible and far-ranging, from creating GPS (global positioning system) that can provide more accurate location data and quantum computers that would be thousands of times faster than today’s machines, to ultimately enabling the direct measurement of gravitational waves, which are ripples in the so-called fabric of the universe.

Building a More Precise Atomic Clock

At the heart of all these possibilities, and the crux of Rey’s models, is the ability to build a more precise atomic clock, which can measure much smaller units of time than modern clocks — as short as one billionth of a billionth of a second. As Rey explains, the pendulum of an atomic clock is laser light, and the thing that measures each swing of the pendulum is atoms.

The problem that scientists have to understand, and ideally control, is how the atomic timekeepers move when they are zipping around and colliding with each other. Because of Rey’s equations, they are getting closer to that goal. She credits the physicists she collaborates closely with at JILA, where she is a Fellow, for conducting the breakthrough experiments with ultra-cold atoms trapped by lasers, making them slower and easier to track, for informing her calculations.

Rey says the funding and recognition that come with the Blavatnik Award will allow her to push farther into what she calls “the most exciting part of the work.” Although her team has already given the world its most precise atomic clock, that is nothing compared to what they could achieve if they could entangle, or link together, atoms in such a way that they behave as one unit.

Entanglement, which has been shown by allowing atoms to interact and then separating them, would eliminate the noise that throws off atomic clocks.

“This is the holy grail,” Rey says, adding that, “we should be able to see what the universe is made of,” such as mysterious dark matter.

Driven By Passion

Rey believes the key to her success in theoretical physics is loving what she does and working hard at it.

“Things are not going to come to you. You might be very smart, but I don’t think it’s enough,” Rey says.

Her other great role model, renowned JILA fellow, Deborah Jin, PhD, who passed away in 2016, showed Rey that it is possible to have a successful scientific career and a happy family life, and generally to be there for people. Rey, who was also selected as a MacArthur Fellow in 2013 and the MOSI Early Career National Hispanic Scientist of the Year in 2014, says “I hope in some way, I can share the same type of help with young women scientists.”

Meet the rising stars who are receiving recognition for their ground-breaking research.

Published May 1, 2019

By Robert Birchard

2019 Blavatnik Award Laureates, Israel

Life Sciences Laureate

Michal Rivlin, PhD, Senior Scientist and Sara Lee Schupf Family Chair, Weizmann Institute of Science

Dr. Michal Rivlin is a neuroscientist who has made the paradigm-shifting discovery that cells in the adult retina can exhibit plasticity in their selectivity and computations. One of the first demonstrations of neuronal plasticity outside the brain, this raises fundamental questions about how we see, and has implications for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying computations in neuronal circuits, the treatment of retinal diseases, blindness and development of computer vision technologies.

Chemistry Laureate

Moran Bercovici, PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

Dr. Moran Bercovici is an analytical chemist who studies microscale processes coupling fluid mechanics, electric fields, heat transfer and chemical reactions. His studies have potential implications in multiple fields, ranging from the detection of low concentrations of biomolecules for rapid and early disease diagnostics, to the creation of new microscale 3D printing technologies.

Physical Sciences & Engineering Laureate

Erez Berg, PhD, Associate Professor, Weizmann Institute of Science

Dr. Erez Berg is a theoretical condensed matter physicist who develops novel theoretical and computational tools to study long-standing and emerging questions in quantum materials. His research has provided important insights into the physics principles behind a wide variety of exotic phenomena in quantum materials, which will help to speed up the implementation of these materials in next generation electronics including quantum computing, magnetic resonance imaging and superconducting power lines.

2019 Blavatnik Award Honorees, United Kingdom

Physical Sciences & Engineering Laureate

Konstantinos Nikolopoulos, PhD, Professor of Physics, University of Birmingham

Experimental particle physicist, Prof. Konstantinos Nikolopoulos led a 100-physicist subgroup in ATLAS, a large scientific collaboration at CERN, which made key contributions to the discovery of the Higgs boson. This discovery, jointly announced by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at CERN, is regarded as one of the biggest breakthroughs in fundamental physics this century. This discovery completed the experimental verification of the Standard Model of particle physics, the mathematical theory through which we understand nature at the fundamental level, and resulted in the Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to the physicists who predicted the Higgs boson decades ago. Prof. Nikolopoulos’ work has significantly improved our understanding of the Higgs boson and explored potential new physics beyond the Standard Model.

Physical Sciences & Engineering Finalists

Gustav Holzegel, PhD, Professor of Pure Mathematics, Imperial College London

Prof. Gustav Holzegel is a mathematician, who develops rigorous mathematical proofs of physics questions related to Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He provided the first proof of a decades-old conjecture about the stability of black holes in the case of the simplest form of black holes in the universe, and has made significant progress towards completely proving this conjecture in the cases of more complicated types of black holes. The techniques he developed have also influenced the studies on other open fundamental questions in theoretical physics and astrophysics.

Máire O’Neill, PhD, Professor of Information Security; Principal Investigator, Centre for Secure Information Technologies; Director, UK Research Institute in Secure Hardware and Embedded Systems, Queen’s University Belfast

Prof. Máire O’Neill is an electrical engineer working in the area of cybersecurity. She has proposed novel attack-resilient computer hardware platforms and chip designs that have found immediate applications. Her solutions are orders of magnitude faster than prior security implementations while also being cost effective. Her achievements have already generated an enormous impact on society, which will continue to increase as cyberattacks costing the global economy hundreds of billions of dollars annually, continue to grow at an unprecedented scale.

Chemistry Laureate

Philipp Kukura, PhD, Professor of Chemistry, University of Oxford

Prof. Kukura is a physical chemist who is developing cutting-edge optical methodologies for the visualisation and analysis of molecules such as proteins that exist within the body. To accomplish this task, he takes advantage of the scattering of visible light, which is the universal process through which we see the world around us. On the macro-scale, this scattered light provides information on the size and shape of an object. What Prof. Kukura has shown is that when driven to the extreme by detecting this light scattering from tiny objects in a microscope, this approach not only works with single biomolecules, but can also be used to measure their molecular mass, introducing a new way of weighing objects. The macroscopic equivalent would be to know the mass of a loaf of bread to within a few grams just by looking at it. Prof. Kukura hopes that this approach will be used widely to discover how biomolecules assemble, interact and thus function, as well as understand what goes wrong in disease, and how it can be addressed at a molecular level.

Chemistry Finalists

Igor Larrosa, PhD, Professor of Organic Chemistry,
The University of Manchester

Organic chemist, Prof. Igor Larrosa is a world-leader in a sub-field of organic chemistry called carbon-hydrogen bond activation, which is focused on finding ways to make these normally stable bonds reactive. Specifically, he has established new mechanistic insights into how C–H bonds can react with transition metals, and developed novel catalysts for the facile construction of molecules that previously were only accessible through multistep organic transformations.

Rachel O’Reilly, PhD, Chair of Chemistry & Head,
School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham

Prof. Rachel O’Reilly is a polymer chemist that has pioneered the use of innovative chemical approaches in the fields of DNA nanotechnology, sequence-controlled synthesis of polymers and precision synthesis to foster the development of novel materials. The novel molecules and structures produced from these methodologies have potential applications in healthcare, energy-related fields and sustainable chemistry.

Life Sciences Laureate

Ewa Paluch, PhD, Chair of Anatomy, University of Cambridge; Professor of Cell Biophysics, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London

Prof. Ewa Paluch’s novel discoveries are at the forefront of cell biology: she has elucidated key biophysical mechanisms of cell division and migration, and has established physiological roles of cellular protrusions known as “blebs.” Previously thought to exist only in sick or dying cells, she established that these protrusions on the cell surface are common in healthy cells, and that blebs have important functions in cell movement and division. Her work will influence treatment for diseases such as cancer, where cell shape and migration are key to disease pathology, and she is leading the field towards a complete understanding of how the laws of physics affect the behavior of cells.

Life Science Finalists

Tim Behrens, DPhil, Deputy Director, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Oxford; Professor of Computational Neuroscience, University of Oxford; Honorary Lecturer, Wellcome Centre for Imaging Neuroscience, University College London

Prof. Timothy Behrens is a neuroscientist whose work has uncovered mechanisms used by the human brain to represent our world, make decisions and control our behavior. An understanding of how our neurons function in networks to control behavior is fundamental to our understanding of the brain, and has implications for neural network computing, artificial intelligence and the treatment of mental and cognitive disorders.

Kathy Niakan, PhD, Group Leader, The Francis Crick Institute

Dr. Kathy Niakan is a developmental biologist conducting pioneering research in human embryonic development, elucidating early cell-fate decisions in embryonic cells. To further these studies, she became the first person in the world to obtain regulatory approval to use genome-editing technologies for research in human embryos. Her research may provide new treatments for infertility and developmental disorders, and her work in scientific policy and advocacy is defining the ethical use of human embryos and stem cells in scientific research.

Meet the inspiring young 2018 Blavatnik Award laureates being recognized for their work in the areas of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Physical Sciences & Engineering.

Published October 1, 2018

By Anni Griswold

Life Sciences Laureate: Janelle Ayres, PhD, The Salk Institution for Biological Studies

An Unexpected Truce in the War on Pathogens

Much of immunology’s past has focused on defense: Generations of grad students have untangled host strategies for detecting and eliminating biologic threats.

Legions of labs have designed antibiotics to stock the host’s arsenal. But the field may have an altogether different future, says Janelle Ayres, PhD, the Helen McLoraine Developmental Chair of the NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis at the Salk Institute.

“The traditional assumption was that you just had to be able to kill the pathogen — that’s all it took to survive an infection,” Ayres says. “That didn’t make sense to me because of the physiological damage that can happen. During an infection, the host immune response is doing far more damage than the microbe.”

More than a decade ago, while other graduate students traced signaling pathways of the innate immune system, Ayres — then a doctoral student in David Schneider’s laboratory at Stanford — pursued an idea gleaned from plant biology literature: What if humans, like plants, express genes that boost fitness and allow them to coexist with pathogens until they can safely ride out an infection?

Cooperation and Survival Over Death and Destruction

In the years since, Ayres has uncovered an accomplice to the traditional immune system. The “cooperative defense” system, as she calls it, is less focused on death and destruction and more on cooperation and survival.

“Often, a patient’s immune system is fully capable of killing an infection, but the patient dies from the pathology before they’re able to kill the infection,” Ayres says.

Or, in other cases, the pathogen produces toxic compounds or disrupts physiological functions. By engaging the patient’s cooperative defense system, the patient can remain healthy enough for the immune system to come in and clear the infection. Her discovery has inspired a new branch of immunology and earned Ayres the 2018 Blavatnik National Award for Young Scientists.

In a groundbreaking paper published on September 20th 2018 in Cell, Ayres described the system in action. Mice infected with the diarrheal pathogen Citrobacter, a close relative of the pathogenic Escherichia coli strains, remain symptom-free by consuming iron-supplemented chow for two weeks.

“We can promote co-operative defenses by giving a short course of dietary iron, which induces an acute state of insulin resistance,” she says. “This reduces the amount of glucose absorbed from the gut and suppresses expression of the pathogen’s virulence program.”

The mice resumed their normal diet after treatment and are still alive a year later.

“They’re perfectly healthy,” Ayres says.

Therapies that Engage Cooperative Defenses

The microbe remains in the mouse gut, but no longer causes symptoms — even when that microbe is isolated and injected into naïve mice.

“We’re not only able to treat the infection, but we also turn the microbe into a commensal and we drive the selection for strains that lose their virulence genes,” she says.

Therapies that engage cooperative defenses could help humans gain an advantage in the war on drug-resistant microbes.

“We are essentially in a pre-antibiotic era, meaning we’re running out of antibiotics that used to be our last resort. Many are no longer effective,” says Ayres. “We’re basically in as bad shape now as we were before we even developed antibiotics.”

While the oft-touted solution is to develop newer, stronger antibiotics, Ayres champions a more farsighted approach.

“We need to develop novel classes of antibiotics, but we also need to acknowledge that by focusing on methods that kill microbes, we’re driving the global crisis of antimicrobial resistance. We can’t solely think about treating infections from this antagonistic perspective,” she says.

Therapies that engage the body’s cooperative defenses will drive human survival rather than microbial demise. As such, those therapies will likely be “evolution-proof,” meaning they won’t further the problem of drug resistance. Ayres’ findings suggest the war against pathogens can’t be won with defense alone. “And so,” she says, “we’re taking a completely different perspective.”

Chemistry Laureate: Neal K. Devaraj, PhD, The University of California, San Diego

When Molecules Become Life

The smallest unit of life — the cell — has fascinated and bewildered scientists for ages.

The prospect of producing a synthetic cell from scratch is particularly tantalizing, given the practical applications for diagnosing and treating disease. But to achieve that feat, scientists must address the simplest, most profound questions.

“It’s almost philosophical: What is life? What is the chemistry from which life can emerge? Quite literally, when does chemistry become biology?” says Neal K. Devaraj, PhD, a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego, and a winner of the 2018 Blavatnik National Award for Young Scientists.

“I’m constantly reminded that life can come about from nothing. But if you really dive into it, it’s a black box. We really have no idea how this occurred,” he says. “What’s truly exciting, from a scientist’s perspective, is the unknown.”

Though scientists haven’t yet produced a living cell from synthetic materials, Devaraj and others have come close. Chemistry-minded teams tend to tackle this goal from the bottom up, recreating reactions that spawned the first cell.

The Interface Between Chemistry and Biology

Biology-minded teams work from the top down, stripping cells to their bare essentials in hopes of revealing the minimum requirements for life. Devaraj’s team takes a hybrid approach, examining the interface between chemistry and biology.

“We’re not so concerned about the origin of life,” he says. “We’re more concerned about understanding how one creates materials that mimic cellular form and function, in a lab, using anything at our disposal.”

His team uses chemical tools to parse biological questions, like the significance of a cell’s lipid coating. After dissecting the fatty compounds’ function, his lab introduced synthetic cells that can reproduce in perpetuity once encased in lipid shells and fed a proper diet. This has revolutionized strategies for diagnosing and treating lipid-related disorders.

“These cells are far from being as sophisticated and complex as modern cells. They don’t contain DNA. They don’t undergo Darwinian evolution. But looking back at how cells may have evolved billions of years ago, who knows? Maybe the first cells did start off simply, like this,” he says.

A Longstanding Curiosity About the Origins of Life

Devaraj’s longstanding curiosity about the origins of life burgeoned during his undergrad years at MIT, where he pursued a double major in chemistry and biology. During his doctoral studies at Stanford, he was tasked with writing a mock proposal for a faculty research position.

“I was imagining what I could work on that would remain really exciting and difficult for decades,” he recalls. “And I was inspired by this idea of trying to mimic life.”

One of his doctoral advisors, James Collman, specialized in biomimetic chemistry: creating compounds that mimic enzyme function. “If you think about it, the natural progression of biomimetic science is to mimic life itself, to mimic cells,” he says. “I was inspired to take it a bit further by exploring the minimal chemistry from which life can emerge.”

Though his research is gratifying, Devaraj says his collaborations with students and postdocs are even more so.

“What really gets me up every morning are the conversations about new data, new ways of thinking. It’s a very collaborative effort,” he says, adding that early on, he staffed his lab with post docs and students that came from diverse backgrounds. “Some of my first postdocs had a thorough training in synthetic organic chemistry, much more so than I had. By working together, we were able to achieve something that neither of us on our own could have achieved.”

Physical Sciences & Engineering Laureate: Sergei V. Kalinin, PhD, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Sculpting Materials from the Finest Matter

Sergei V. Kalinin is an architect of the most peculiar sort. His blueprints are atomic structures; his pencil an electron beam.

Whereas other architects build cathedrals brick by brick, Kalinin aims to build nanomaterials, atom by atom. His tailored materials could form the groundwork for tomorrow’s microchips, transistors, quantum computers and medical devices. If successful, Kalinin’s advances promise to revolutionize human health, space flight and the computer-brain interface.

“Science rarely develops along a straight trajectory,” says Kalinin, director of the Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Contributions in Microscopy

His contributions to scanning transmission electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy, recognized with the 2018 Blavatnik National Award for Young Scientists, are no exception. Like many innovations, Kalinin’s craft came about serendipitously. His tools for building atomic-scale structures stem from a flaw in electron microscopy, a powerful method for observing a material’s crystal structure.

Scientists have long known that the microscope’s electron beam can inadvertently jostle atoms out of position. In a 2015 paper in the journal Small, Kalinin and colleagues fashioned this flaw into a precise, powerful tool for sculpting atomic matter in 3-D.

“The assumption was that if you see atoms, you will understand them. But that’s not enough,” he says. “You can image atoms, but the question is what can you learn from it? Eventually you need to read the blueprints of nature to understand how an atomic configuration achieves a certain functionality. Then you can learn how to make your own blueprints, and use electron beams to build your own configurations.”

The Beginning of Nanotechnology

His interest in the field burgeoned three decades ago, when the scientific literature buzzed with papers describing scanning tunneling microscopy. In 1990, the renowned physicist Don Eigler used a scanning tunneling microscope to form individual atoms of xenon into the letters I-B-M.

“That was essentially the beginning of nanotechnology,” Kalinin recalls. “In a sense, the fields of nanotechnology and quantum computing are predicated on the ability to put the atoms where we want them and to characterize the properties of these structures. But even more, we need to control and shape the matter’s electronic properties and find ways to combine these materials with existing semiconductor technologies.”

To achieve those goals, Kalinin’s lab uses smart approaches — artificial intelligence, big data and machine learning — to understand how atoms can be positioned in a way that achieves a desired function. Working with Stephen Jesse, an expert in the real-time big data behind scanning probe and electron microcopy, Andy Lupini, an original inventor of aberration correctors in STEM, and Rama Vasudevan and Maxim Ziatdinov, experts in deep learning applications and physics extraction from atomically resolved data, they aim to design nanoscale and mesoscale materials for use in energy storage, information technology, medicine and other applications.

“If we talk about grand ideas like exploring the solar system, we need to make devices and machines that are light, versatile and can interact with surrounding materials of any form and action,” he says. “To achieve that, you need to move from imaging to understanding to atomic-level control.”